Reddel HK, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, Bacharier LB, Becker A, Brusselle G, et al. GINA 2019: a fundamental change in asthma management: Treatment of asthma with short-acting bronchodilators alone is no longer recommended for adults and adolescents. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(6).
Pandya D, Puttanna A, Balagopal V. Systemic effects of inhaled corticosteroids: an overview. Open Respir Med J. 2014;8:59–65.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ernst P, Suissa S. Systemic effects of inhaled corticosteroids. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012;18(1):85–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lipworth BJ. Risks versus benefits of inhaled β2-agonists in the management of asthma. Drug-Safety. 1992;7(1):54–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dusser D, Ducharme FM. Safety of tiotropium in patients with asthma. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2019;13:1753466618824010.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Thomas MS, Parolia A, Kundabala M, Vikram M. Asthma and oral health: a review. Aust Dent J. 2010;55(2):128–33.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arafa A, Aldahlawi S, Fathi A. Assessment of the oral health status of asthmatic children. Eur J Dent. 2017;11(3):357–63.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Widmer RP. Oral health of children with respiratory diseases. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2010;11(4):226–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marsh PD, Do T, Beighton D, Devine DA. Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota. Periodontol 2000. 2016;70(1):80–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Camelo-Castillo AJ, Mira A, Pico A, Nibali L, Henderson B, Donos N, et al. Subgingival microbiota in health compared to periodontitis and the influence of smoking. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:119.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(11):5721–32.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Segata N, Haake SK, Mannon P, Lemon KP, Waldron L, Gevers D, et al. Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples. Genome Biol. 2012;13(6):R42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sag C, Ozden FO, Acikgoz G, Anlar FY. The effects of combination treatment with a long-acting beta2-agonist and a corticosteroid on salivary flow rate, secretory immunoglobulin A, and oral health in children and adolescents with moderate asthma: a 1-month, single-blind clinical study. Clin Ther. 2007;29(10):2236–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
del-Río-Navarro BE, Corona-Hernández L, Fragoso-Ríos R, Berber A, Torres-Alcántara S, Cuairán-Ruidíaz V, et al. Effect of salmeterol and salmeterol plus beclomethasone on saliva flow and IgA in patients with moderate-persistent chronic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87(5):420–3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Global Initiative for Asthma. Difficult to treat and severe asthma in adolescent and adult patients. 2019. www.ginasthma.org.
Dahl R, Engel M, Dusser D, Halpin D, Kerstjens HAM, Zaremba-Pechmann L, et al. Safety and tolerability of once-daily tiotropium Respimat(®) as add-on to at least inhaled corticosteroids in adult patients with symptomatic asthma: a pooled safety analysis. Respir Med. 2016;118:102–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vogelberg C, Engel M, Laki I, Bernstein JA, Schmidt O, El Azzi G, et al. Tiotropium add-on therapy improves lung function in children with symptomatic moderate asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;6(6):2160–2.
Article
Google Scholar
Fukushima C, Matsuse H, Tomari S, Obase Y, Miyazaki Y, Shimoda T, et al. Oral candidiasis associated with inhaled corticosteroid use: comparison of fluticasone and beclomethasone. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90(6):646–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ellepola AN, Samaranayake LP. Inhalational and topical steroids, and oral candidosis: a mini review. Oral Dis. 2001;7(4):211–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kurt E, Yildirim H, Kiraz N, Orman A, Metintas M, Akgun Y, et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis with dry-powdered fluticasone propionate: 500 microg/day versus 200 microg/day. Allergol Immunopathol. 2008;36(1):17–20.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mullaoglu S, Turktas H, Kokturk N, Tuncer C, Kalkanci A, Kustimur S. Esophageal candidiasis and Candida colonization in asthma patients on inhaled steroids. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007;28(5):544–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Salas MMS, Nascimento GG, Huysmans MC, Demarco FF. Estimated prevalence of erosive tooth wear in permanent teeth of children and adolescents: an epidemiological systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Dent. 2015;43(1):42–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shaw L, Dlaigan YH, Smith A. Childhood asthma and dental erosion. ASDC J Dent Child. 2000;67(2):102–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dugmore CR, Rock WP. Asthma and tooth erosion Is there an association? Int J Paediatr Dent. 2003;13(6):417–24.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
O’Sullivan EA, Curzon MEJ. Drug treatments for asthma may cause erosive tooth damage. BMJ. 1998;317(7161):820.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barron RP, Carmichael RP, Marcon MA, Sàndor GKB. Dental erosion in gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Can Dent Assoc. 2003;69(2):84–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Strużycka I, Lussi A, Bogusławska-Kapała A, Rusyan E. Prevalence of erosive lesions with respect to risk factors in a young adult population in Poland-a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(7):2197–203.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harding SM. Gastroesophageal reflux, asthma, and mechanisms of interaction. Am J Med. 2001;111(8):8S–12S.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pauwels A. Dental erosions and other extra-oesophageal symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: evidence, treatment response and areas of uncertainty. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2015;3(2):166–70.
Article
Google Scholar
Farag ZHA, Awooda EM. Dental erosion and dentin hypersensitivity among adult asthmatics and non-asthmatics hospital-based: a preliminary study. Open Dent J. 2016;10:587–93.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Löe H, Brown LJ. Early onset periodontitis in the United States of America. J Periodontol. 1991;62(10):608–16.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mehta A, Sequeira PS, Sahoo RC, Kaur G. Is bronchial asthma a risk factor for gingival diseases? A control study. N Y State Dent J. 2009;75(1):44–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McDerra EJ, Pollard MA, Curzon ME. The dental status of asthmatic British school children. Pediatr Dent. 1998;20(4):281–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stensson M, Wendt L-K, Koch G, Oldaeus G, Ramberg P, Birkhed D. Oral health in young adults with long-term, controlled asthma. Acta Odontol Scand. 2011;69(3):158–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moraschini V, Calasans-Maia JA, Calasans-Maia MD. Association between asthma and periodontal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2018;89(4):440–55.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ferreira MKM, Ferreira RO, Castro MML, Magno MB, Almeida AP, Fagundes APCPSC, et al. Is there an association between asthma and periodontal disease among adults? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sci. 2019;223:74–87.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Han E-R, Choi IS, Kim H-K, Kang Y-W, Park J-G, Lim J-R, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid-related tooth problems in asthmatics. J Asthma. 2009;46(2):160–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heffler E, Madeira LNG, Ferrando M, Puggioni F, Racca F, Malvezzi L, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids safety and adverse effects in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;6(3):776–81.
Article
Google Scholar
Shen T-C, Chang P-Y, Lin C-L, Wei C-C, Tu C-Y, Hsia T-C, et al. Risk of periodontal disease in patients with asthma: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. J Periodontol. 2017;88(8):723–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mehtonen IT, Rantala AK, Hugg TT, Jaakkola MS, Jaakkola JJK. Dental caries is associated with lower respiratory tract infections: a population-based cohort study. Respir Med. 2019;158:1–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bjerkeborn K, Dahllof G, Hedlin G, Lindell M, Modéer T. Effect of disease severity and pharmacotherapy of asthma on oral health in asthmatic children. Eur J Oral Sci. 1987;95(2):159–64.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Eloot AK, Vanobbergen JN, De Baets F, Martens LC. Oral health and habits in children with asthma related to severity and duration of condition. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2004;5(4):210–5.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alavaikko S, Jaakkola MS, Tjäderhane L, Jaakkola JJK. Asthma and caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(6):631–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Choi H, Bae K-H, Lee J-W. Association between age at asthma diagnosis and tooth loss. Acta Odontol Scand. 2018;76(7):466–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Milano M, Lee JY, Donovan K, Chen J-W. A cross-sectional study of medication-related factors and caries experience in asthmatic children. Pediatr Dent. 2006;28(5):415–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reddy DK, Hegde AM, Munshi AK. Dental caries status of children with bronchial asthma. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2003;27(3):293–5.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wogelius P, Poulsen S, Sørensen HT. Use of asthma-drugs and risk of dental caries among 5 to 7 year old Danish children: a cohort study. Commun Dent Health. 2004;21(3):207–11.
Google Scholar
Bozejac BV, Stojšin I, Ðuric M, Zvezdin B, Brkanić T, Budišin E, et al. Impact of inhalation therapy on the incidence of carious lesions in patients with asthma and COPD. J Appl Oral Sci. 2017;25(5):506–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bousquet J, Schünemann HJ, Togias A, Bachert C, Erhola M, Hellings PW, et al. Next-generation allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(1):70–80.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chuang CY, Sun HL, Ku MS. Allergic rhinitis, rather than asthma, is a risk factor for dental caries. Clin Otolaryngol. 2018;43(1):131–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar