SANI-Severe Asthma Network in Italy: a way forward to monitor severe asthma

Asthma is a common disease being its prevalence worldwide around 5–7%. Despite effective treatments and management guidelines, 5–10% of asthmatics suffer from severe asthma, characterized by frequent exacerbations, regular use of high dose of inhaled steroids and need of frequent burst of oral steroids, unscheduled visits, accesses to emergency room and hospitalizations [1]. Though the prevalence of severe asthma is relatively low, it accounts for 50% of the global costs of the disease, being a clinical as well as social problem.

Severe asthma is an heterogeneous disease, with different clinical and inflammatory phenotypes [2, 3]. This large heterogeneity in the clinical and biological manifestations of severe asthma is important for prognosis, but mainly for selecting specific targets for pharmacologic and non pharmacologic interventions, and also for selecting patients potentially moving from severe asthma to more systemic diseases [4].

Besides the pharmacological treatment, currently two biologics are available as add-on therapy for those patients: omalizumab, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, and mepolizumab, an anti-IL5 monoclonal antibody, approved and included in GINA Guidelines 2016 [5]. However, several other biologics targeting different cytokines involved in the inflammatory cascade are under evaluation (dupilumab—anti IL4recα-IL13, benralizumab—anti IL5, tralokinumab and lebrikizumab—anti IL13) [6–8]. These drugs will offer a powerful improvement in the management of the disease but, on the other hand, due to their high costs, the sustainability of these treatments is strongly based on strict criteria of patient’s eligibility. Therefore the identification and the accurate selection of patients with SA is currently a crucial unmet need in the management of the disease [9].

The present paper focuses on the ongoing project of an Italian National Registry, SANI (Severe Asthma Network in Italy) promoted by GINA Italy—SIAAIC (Italian Society Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology) and SIP/IRS (Italian Respiratory Society). The aim of this network is to enroll patients with severe asthma, in a real life setting, recruited by specialized centers, homogeneously placed on a database management system to follow them over the time.

The relevance of the real life studies is particularly critical in SA, where most of clinical data come from large controlled studies. However, as recently emphasized, there is a long distance between the patients strictly selected for clinical trials and the patients usually visited in daily routine. Randomized control trials are the cornerstone of the evidence based medicine as they are designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a particular treatment in a population under ideal condition. The aim of the real life studies to assess the real life efficacy of the same treatment, known as “effectiveness” [23, 24]. Recently this gap has been clearly shown as regards omalizumab treatments [25].

The Italian asthma observatory is a web-based registry encompassing demographic, clinical, functional and inflammatory data of severe asthmatics (SA), recruited by Italian Unit of Allergy and Pulmonology. The web platform has been already successfully tested in a recent previous pilot study [15], and further improved by collecting the suggestions of SANI Scientific Committee members. Under a technical perspective, the platform is conceived in order to facilitate data entry as much as possible. Drop down menus are provided for most of the fields; the follow-up pages are prefilled with the information included at baseline, available for updates only; an automatic follow-up alert system is provided by email to every clinician for each of the patients included. Participant centers have access with a code to include anonymously the data of patients. This step is needed to assure privacy requirements despite data sharing. However the matching with other national registries of interests (i.e. hospitalizations for asthma exacerbations, pharmaceutical data and so on) will be possible as the coding system is completely tracked and accessible by the platform technical staff.

Every center to be included needs to submit an application form in which clinical and scientific issues were evaluated such as personnel dedicated to asthma (specialists and nurses), population of asthmatics yearly treated, availability of lung function equipment and other clinical procedures, number and quality of scientific publications on asthma and severe asthma. For each aspect documentation is required and each item is evaluated by a scoring system validated within the Scientific Committee. The maximum score is 100 points. To be eligible every center has to achieve a minimum score of 75. Up to now all the applicants have reached the minimum threshold and overall 51 centers have been recruited, distributed throughout the Italian territory (Fig. 1).

The patient enrollment protocol has been approved by the Central (P.I.) Ethics Committee, and the enrollment in the other Centers starts upon approval of each Ethics Committee of reference.

Exclusion criteria have not been considered in order to have a realistic view of SA in real life. However, as observational studies have suggested that up to 50% of patients referred with severe asthma after a detailed evaluation do not have a refractory disease but different causes responsible for persistent symptoms, a detailed diagnostic protocol will be shared by all participant centers. Furthermore following the first visit patients will be enrolled after a period of 3–5 months of follow up, in order to exclude confounding factors such as a poor adherence to the treatment or the existence of exacerbating factors (passive or active smoking, occupational irritants or allergens etc.).

In the web registry all data collected at the enrollment visit as well as those recorded during the follow up visits, scheduled every 6 months, will be included. Data inclusion of patients recruited will be task of the specialist who is responsible for the treatment. However, data manager supervision will be scheduled for each participant center every 3 months.

The length of the follow up for each patient is scheduled for 10 years.

All the information listed above will be collected both at baseline and at every follow-up visit. Timing and type of requested information represent a specific standardized protocol to be followed by the participating centers in assessing and monitoring recruited patients. It will allow creating a quite homogeneous data set despite the real life setting.

The web application contains a section, which includes the most important statistics and graphs updated in real time for the whole network and for each single participant center. Results are expressed as a mean and standard deviation for continuous variables, as percentage for categorical ones. Shapiro–Wilk test will be used to test the normal distribution of continuous variables. Two-sample test of proportion will be employed to compare two groups for categorical data whereas two sample t test to compare the mean of two groups. Chi square test or Fisher test will be applied to assess the association between categorical variables. Many other statistical multivariate models will be implemented to investigate the relationships between outcome variables and predictors variables. Every statistics will be run in real time on the web-application via R software or Stata software.

The first purpose of the data collection is providing epidemiological end descriptive information about severe asthma in Italy, which is the currently the main unmet need. The above-mentioned statistical analysis lines are already included in the protocol approved by the Central (P.I.) Ethics Committee and they allow expanding the research lines on our dataset. The Scientific Committee will evaluate any application for further analysis proposals, and if needed amendments to the main protocol will be submitted to the Ethics Committees.

The observatory will be carried out according to the declarations of Helsinki and Oviedo. The protocol has been performed according to the principles and procedures of the Good Clinical Practice (ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice 1996; Directive 91/507. EEC, The Rules Governing Medical Products in the European Community) and in accordance with the Italian laws (D.L.vo n.211 del 24 Giugno 2003; D.L. n.200 del 6 Novembre 2007; MD del 21 Dicembre 2007). SANI initiative is supported by several pharmaceutical companies, which have been listed in the acknowledgement. They provide unrestricted grants and they do not have any role in the study design, planned analysis. In fact they are not having representatives in the scientific committee.

“Precision medicine” is now the new challenge in asthma treatment. This approach is related to the growing evidence of different asthma phenotypes and endotypes, which may require specific approaches to the pharmacologic treatments. This is particularly true for severe uncontrolled asthma, where new expensive biologic drugs will be available in the next future. Therefore, an accurate assessment of these patients and the collection of a large database in our country are compulsory for having a greater knowledge of this subgroup of asthmatic patients.

The SANI project would like to cover this gap of accurate characterization of patient affected by severe uncontrolled asthma, in order to promote an appropriate assessment and therapeutic management of these complex patients.