Engineered metal based nanoparticles and innate immunity

Table 2 Main cytotoxic effects of metal nanoparticles on cells of the immune system

NPs	Cells	Effects	Ref
CoNPs ZnONPs CeO₂NPs TiO₂NPs	Mononyte/Macrophages	Necrosis (dependent on dose, size, concentration, structure	[33–36, 48]
AgNP ZiONP	Monocyte/Macrophages	-IL-8 and IL-1β production (size-dependent)	[37–40]
		-Oxidative stress
		-Inflammasome induction
CoNPs	Human PBMCs	-Increase of TNF-α, IFN-γ	[41]
CoNPs	Human PBMCs	-Inhibition of IL-2, IL-10	[41]
CuONP	Neutrophils	-Neutrophil recruitment and activation	[42, 43]
CuONP	Neutrophils	-Increase of IL-6, IL-12, GM-CSF, KC, MCP-1, MIP-α, TNF-α	[42, 43]
CuONPs	Neutrophils	-Reduced bacterial killing	[44–46]
Fe₂O₃NPs	Lung lymph node cells	-Increased cytokine production	[47]
ZnONPs	Monocyte/Macrophages	-Toxicity (dose-dependent)	[48]
ZnONPs	Monocyte/Macrophages	-Cell death (ion relese-dependent)	[48]
CoNP	Human PBMC	-Autophagy	[20]
PdNPs	Human PBMC	-Autophagy	[20]
		-Cell cycle (prolongation of G1-phase)
		-Increase of IL-8
Coated NPs	Monocyte-derived macrophages	-Variable cytotoxicity	[62–64, 69, 70]

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