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Table 5 Nanoparticle interaction with cell barriers of the immune system

From: Engineered metal based nanoparticles and innate immunity

NPs

Cells

Effects

Ref

AgNPS TiO2NPs ZnONPs MnONPs CeO2NPs

Human lung epithelium

-ROS production

[97–104]

-DNA damage

-Apoptosis

Fe2O3NPs

Human bronchial epithelium

-Genotoxicity

[105]

NiNPs

Lung

-Reduction of cell viability

[110]

-Apoptosis

-Necrosis

-Increase of ROS, IL-6 and IL-8 (MAPK-dependent, NF-kB-mediated)

ZnNPs

Human bronchial epithelial cells

-Increased of IL-8 (dose-dependent)

[111]

-Activation of NFκB and C/EBPβ

MeNPs ZnONPs

Gut epithelium

-Generation of ROS

[112]

-Release of IL-8

-Cytotoxicity (size dependent)

AgNPs TiO2NPs

Intestinal epithelium

-Cell death (SW480 cells)

[113]

-IL-8 production

-ROS generation

AgNPs

Mice intestinal epithelium

-Damage of microvilli and intestinal glands

[117]

-Malabsorption syndrome

TiO2NPs

Caco-2

-Cross monolayers without disruption of junctional complexes and without causing cytotoxicity

[120]

TiO2NPs AgNPs

Bronchial and intestinal eptithelium

-Abnormal mucus production

[115, 116]